Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices Part 2 (ICND2) v1.0

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part I: LAN Switching

Chapter 1 Virtual LANs
- Virtual LAN Concepts
- Trunking with ISL and 802.1Q
- ISL
- IEEE 802.1Q
- ISL and 802.1Q Compared
- VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP)
- Normal VTP Operation Using VTP Server and Client Modes
- Three Requirements for VTP to Work Between Two Switches
- Avoiding VTP by Using VTP Transparent Mode
- Storing VLAN Configuration
- VTP Versions
- VTP Pruning
- VLAN and VLAN Trunking Configuration and Verification
- Creating VLANs and Assigning Access VLANs to an Interface
- VLAN Configuration Example 1: Full VLAN Configuration
- VLAN Configuration Example 2: Shorter VLAN Configuration
- VLAN Trunking Configuration
- Controlling Which VLANs Can Be Supported on a Trunk
- Trunking to Cisco IP Phones
- Securing VLANs and Trunking
- VTP Configuration and Verification
- Using VTP: Configuring Servers and Clients
- Caveats When Moving Away from Default VTP Configuration
- Avoiding VTP: Configuring Transparent Mode
- Determining Why VTP Is Not Currently Working
- Problems When Connecting New Switches and Bringing Up Trunks
- Avoiding VTP Problems Through Best Practices

Chapter 2 Spanning Tree Protocol
- Spanning Tree Protocol (IEEE 802.1d)
- The Need for Spanning Tree
- What IEEE 802.1d Spanning Tree Does
- How Spanning Tree Works
- The STP Bridge ID and Hello BPDU
- Electing the Root Switch
- Choosing Each Switch’s Root Port
- Choosing the Designated Port on Each LAN Segment
- Reacting to Changes in the Network
- Optional STP Features
- EtherChannel
- PortFast
- STP Security
- Rapid STP (IEEE 802.1w)
- RSTP Link and Edge Types
- RSTP Port States
- RSTP Port Roles
- RSTP Convergence
- Edge-Type Behavior and PortFast
- Link-Type Shared
- Link-Type Point-to-Point
- An Example of Speedy RSTP Convergence
- STP Configuration and Verification
- Multiple Instances of STP
- Configuration Options That Influence the Spanning Tree Topology
- The Bridge ID and System ID Extension
- Per-VLAN Port Costs
- STP Configuration Option Summary
- Verifying Default STP Operation
- Configuring STP Port Costs and Switch Priority
- Configuring PortFast and BPDU Guard
- Configuring EtherChannel
- Configuring RSTP
- Determining the Root Switch
- Determining the Root Port on Nonroot Switches
- Determining the Designated Port on Each LAN Segment
- STP Convergence

Chapter 3 Troubleshooting LAN Switching
- Generalized Troubleshooting Methodologies
- Analyzing and Predicting Normal Network Operation
- Data Plane Analysis
- Control Plane Analysis
- Predicting Normal Operations: Summary of the Process
- Problem Isolation
- Root Cause Analysis
- Real World Versus the Exams
- An Overview of the Normal LAN Switch Forwarding Process
- Step 1: Confirm the Network Diagrams Using CDP
- Step 2: Isolate Interface Problems
- Interface Status Codes and Reasons for Nonworking States
- The notconnect State and Cabling Pinouts
- Interface Speed and Duplex Issues
- Step 3: Isolate Filtering and Port Security Problems
- Step 4: Isolate VLAN and Trunking Problems
- Ensuring That the Right Access Interfaces Are in the Right VLANs
- Access VLANs Not Being Defined or Being Active
- Identify Trunks and VLANs Forwarded on Those Trunks
- Example: Troubleshooting the Data Plane
- Step 1: Verify the Accuracy of the Diagram Using CDP
- Step 2: Check for Interface Problems
- Step 3: Check for Port Security Problems
- Step 4: Check for VLAN and VLAN Trunk Problems
- Predicting Normal Operation of the LAN Switching Data Plane
- PC1 Broadcast in VLAN 1
- Forwarding Path: Unicast from R1 to PC1

Part II: IP Routing

Chapter 4 IP Routing: Static and Connected Routes
- IP Routing and Addressing
- IP Routing
- IP Addressing and Subnetting
- IP Forwarding by Matching the Most Specific Route
- DNS, DHCP, ARP, and ICMP
- Fragmentation and MTU
- Routes to Directly Connected Subnets
- Secondary IP Addressing
- Supporting Connected Routes to Subnet Zero
- ISL and 802.1Q Configuration on Routers
- Static Routes
- Configuring Static Routes
- The Extended ping Command
- Static Default Routes
- Default Routes Using the ip route Command
- Default Routes Using the ip default-network Command
- Default Route Summary
- Classful and Classless Routing
- Summary of the Use of the Terms Classless and Classful
- Classless and Classful Routing Compared

Chapter 5 VLSM and Route Summarization
- VLSM
- Classless and Classful Routing Protocols
- Overlapping VLSM Subnets
- Designing a Subnetting Scheme Using VLSM
- Adding a New Subnet to an Existing Design
- VLSM Configuration
- Manual Route Summarization
- Route Summarization Concepts
- Route Summarization Strategies
- Sample “Best” Summary on Seville
- Sample “Best” Summary on Yosemite
- Autosummarization and Discontiguous Classful Networks
- An Example of Autosummarization
- Discontiguous Classful Networks
- Autosummarization Support and Configuration

Chapter 6 IP Access Control Lists
- Standard IP Access Control Lists
- IP Standard ACL Concepts
- Wildcard Masks
- A Quicker Alternative for Interpreting Wildcard Masks
- Standard IP Access List Configuration
- Standard IP ACL: Example 1
- Standard IP ACL: Example 2
- Extended IP Access Control Lists
- Extended IP ACL Concepts
- Matching TCP and UDP Port Numbers
- Extended IP ACL Configuration
- Extended IP Access Lists: Example 1
- Extended IP Access Lists: Example 2
- Advances in Managing ACL Configuration
- Named IP Access Lists
- Editing ACLs Using Sequence Numbers
- Miscellaneous ACL Topics
- Controlling Telnet and SSH Access with ACLs
- ACL Implementation Considerations
- Reflexive Access Lists
- Dynamic ACLs
- Time-Based ACLs

Chapter 7 Troubleshooting IP Routing
- The ping and traceroute Commands
- Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
- The ping Command and the ICMP Echo Request and Echo Reply
- The Destination Unreachable ICMP Message
- The Redirect ICMP Message
- The ICMP Time Exceeded Message
- The traceroute Command
- Isolating IP Routing Problems Related to Hosts
- Isolating IP Routing Problems Related to Routers
- An Alternative Problem Isolation Process for Steps 3, 4, and 5
- Host Routing Tools and Perspectives
- LAN Switch IP Support
- show ip route Reference
- Interface Status
- VLSM Issues
- Recognizing When VLSM Is Used
- Configuring Overlapping VLSM Subnets
- Symptoms with Overlapping Subnets
- VLSM Troubleshooting Summary
- Discontiguous Networks and Autosummary
- Access List Troubleshooting Tips

Part III: Routing Protocols Configuration and Troubleshooting

Chapter 8 Routing Protocol Theory
- Dynamic Routing Protocol Overview
- Routing Protocol Functions
- Interior and Exterior Routing Protocols
- Comparing IGPs
- IGP Routing Protocol Algorithms
- Metrics
- IGP Comparisons: Summary
- Administrative Distance
- Distance Vector Routing Protocol Features
- The Concept of a Distance and a Vector
- Distance Vector Operation in a Stable Network
- Distance Vector Loop Prevention
- Route Poisoning
- Problem: Counting to Infinity over a Single Link
- Split Horizon
- Poison Reverse and Triggered Updates
- Problem: Counting to Infinity in a Redundant Network
- The Holddown Process and Holddown Timer
- Distance Vector Summary
- Link-State Routing Protocol Features
- Building the Same LSDB on Every Router
- Applying Dijkstra SPF Math to Find the Best Routes
- Convergence with Link-State Protocols

Chapter 9 OSPF 343
- OSPF Protocols and Operation
- OSPF Neighbors
- Identifying OSPF Routers with a Router ID
- Meeting Neighbors by Saying Hello
- Potential Problems in Becoming a Neighbor
- Neighbor States
- OSPF Topology Database Exchange
- Overview of the OSPF Database Exchange Process
- Choosing a Designated Router
- Database Exchange
- Maintaining the LSDB While Being Fully Adjacent
- Building the IP Routing Table
- Scaling OSPF Through Hierarchical Design
- OSPF Areas
- OSPF Area Design Advantages
- OSPF Configuration
- OSPF Single-Area Configuration
- OSPF Configuration with Multiple Areas
- Configuring the OSPF Router ID
- OSPF Hello and Dead Timers
- OSPF Metrics (Cost)
- OSPF Authentication
- OSPF Load Balancing

Chapter 10 EIGRP 377
- EIGRP Concepts and Operation
- EIGRP Neighbors
- Exchanging EIGRP Topology Information
- Calculating the Best Routes for the Routing Table
- Feasible Distance and Reported Distance
- Caveats with Bandwidth on Serial Links
- EIGRP Convergence
- EIGRP Successors and Feasible Successors
- The Query and Reply Process
- EIGRP Summary and Comparisons with OSPF
- EIGRP Configuration and Verification
- Basic EIGRP Configuration
- EIGRP Metrics, Successors, and Feasible Successors
- Creating and Viewing a Feasible Successor Route
- Convergence Using the Feasible Successor Route
- EIGRP Authentication
- EIGRP Maximum Paths and Variance
- Tuning the EIGRP Metric Calculation

Chapter 11 Troubleshooting Routing Protocols
- Perspectives on Troubleshooting Routing Protocol Problems
- Interfaces Enabled with a Routing Protocol
- EIGRP Interface Troubleshooting Example
- OSPF Interface Troubleshooting Example
- Neighbor Relationships
- EIGRP Neighbor Requirements
- OSPF Neighbor Requirements
- OSPF Neighbor Example 1
- OSPF Neighbor Example 2
- The MTU Matching Requirement

Part IV: Wide-Area Networks

Chapter 12 Point-to-Point WANs
- PPP Concepts
- The PPP Protocol Field
- PPP Link Control Protocol (LCP)
- Looped Link Detection
- Enhanced Error Detection
- PPP Multilink
- PPP Authentication
- PPP Configuration
- Basic PPP Configuration
- CHAP Configuration and Verification
- PAP Configuration

Chapter 13 Frame Relay Concepts
- Frame Relay Overview
- Frame Relay Standards
- Virtual Circuits
- LMI and Encapsulation Types
- Frame Relay Addressing
- Frame Relay Local Addressing
- Frame Relay Global Addressing
- Network Layer Concerns with Frame Relay
- Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: One Subnet Containing All Frame Relay DTEs
- Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: One Subnet Per VC
- Frame Relay Layer 3 Addressing: Hybrid Approach
- Layer 3 Broadcast Handling
- Controlling Speed and Discards in the Frame Relay Cloud
- FECN and BECN
- The Discard Eligibility (DE) Bit

Chapter 14 Frame Relay Configuration and Troubleshooting
- Frame Relay Configuration and Verification
- Planning a Frame Relay Configuration
- A Fully Meshed Network with One IP Subnet
- Configuring the Encapsulation and LMI
- Frame Relay Address Mapping
- Inverse ARP
- Static Frame Relay Mapping
- A Partially Meshed Network with One IP Subnet Per VC
- Assigning a DLCI to a Particular Subinterface
- Comments About Global and Local Addressing
- Frame Relay Verification
- A Partially Meshed Network with Some Fully Meshed Parts
- Frame Relay Troubleshooting
- A Suggested Frame Relay Troubleshooting Process
- Layer 1 Issues on the Access Link (Step 1)
- Layer 2 Issues on the Access Link (Step 2)
- PVC Problems and Status (Step 3)
- Find the Connected Subnet and Outgoing Interface (Steps 3a and 3b)
- Find the PVCs Assigned to That Interface (Step 3c)
- Determine Which PVC Is Used to Reach a Particular Neighbor (Step 3d)
- PVC Status
- Subinterface Status
- Frame Relay Mapping Issues (Step 4)
- End-to-End Encapsulation (Step 5)
- Mismatched Subnet Numbers (Step 6)

Chapter 15 Virtual Private Networks
- VPN Fundamentals
- IPsec VPNs
- IPsec Encryption
- IPsec Key Exchange
- IPsec Authentication and Message Integrity
- The ESP and AH Security Protocols
- IPsec Implementation Considerations
- SSL VPNs

Part V: Scaling the IP Address Space

Chapter 16 Network Address Translation
- Perspectives on IPv4 Address Scalability
- CIDR
- Route Aggregation for Shorter Routing Tables
- IPv4 Address Conservation
- Private Addressing
- Network Address Translation Concepts
- Static NAT
- Dynamic NAT
- Overloading NAT with Port Address Translation (PAT)
- Translating Overlapping Addresses
- NAT Configuration and Troubleshooting
- Static NAT Configuration
- Dynamic NAT Configuration
- NAT Overload (PAT) Configuration
- NAT Troubleshooting

Chapter 17 IP Version 6
- Global Unicast Addressing, Routing, and Subnetting
- Global Route Aggregation for Efficient Routing
- Conventions for Representing IPv6 Addresses
- Conventions for Writing IPv6 Prefixes
- Global Unicast Prefix Assignment Example
- Subnetting Global Unicast IPv6 Addresses Inside an Enterprise
- Prefix Terminology
- IPv6 Protocols and Addressing
- DHCP for IPv6
- IPv6 Host Address Assignment
- The IPv6 Interface ID and EUI-64 Format
- Static IPv6 Address Configuration
- Stateless Autoconfiguration and Router Advertisements
- IPv6 Address Configuration Summary
- Discovering the Default Router with NDP
- Learning the IP Address(es) of DNS Servers
- IPv6 Addresses
- Unicast IPv6 Addresses
- Multicast and Other Special IPv6 Addresses
- Summary of IP Protocols and Addressing
- Configuring IPv6 Routing and Routing Protocols
- IPv6 Routing Protocols
- IPv6 Configuration
- IPv6 Transition Options
- IPv4/IPv6 Dual Stacks
- Tunneling
- Translating Between IPv4 and IPv6 with NAT-PT